Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
Separation and Purification Technology, cilt.396, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
This review critically synthesizes recent advances in electrochemical water softening (EWS), with emphasis on electrode materials, reactor geometries, operational optimization, and scale-up feasibility. It compares capacitive deionization (CDI), electrodialysis (ED), and electrochemical precipitation (ECP) approaches, including electrocoagulation and electroprecipitation, highlighting typical performance ranges such as hardness removal efficiencies (>80-95%), specific energy consumption (∼0.5-3.5 kWh.m-3), and water recovery (>70-90%) depending on water composition and process configuration. Special attention is given to electroprecipitation, with comprehensive discussions on electrode properties, fouling and degradation mechanisms, and control strategies, supported by multi-technique characterization of electro-precipitates. The review further integrates techno-economic and environmental assessments, including valorization pathways for precipitates and cost-benefit considerations for industrial deployment. By synthesizing laboratory findings with reactor-scale performance and long-term viability, this work provides a comprehensive framework that bridges existing knowledge gaps and guides the sustainable application of electrochemical softening technologies.