Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
II-International Conference on Global Practice of Multidisciplinary Scientific Studies, Tbilisi, Gürcistan, 26 - 28 Temmuz 2022, cilt.1, ss.1096-1109
SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS IN FRUIT CULTIVAR
ABSTRACT
Somatic embryogenesis is one of the preferable tissue culture techniques in long-life woody fruit species. The main advantage of somatic embryos is that the genetic openings that occur because of fertilization are not present in this method. Somatic embryogenesis is the differentiation of a somatic cell into a cell with the ability to form an embryo in vitro. Somatic embryogenesis is one of the methods that provides plant regeneration in tissue culture. Somatic embryogenesis included two different techniques, direct somatic embryogenesis, and indirect somatic embryogenesis. Leaf explant, petiole, immature zygotic embryos, apomictic and nucellar embryos, in vitro roots and shoots, cotyledons, cell suspension cultures, flower parts, such as style, stigma, petal can be used as starting materials for somatic embryogenesis culture of fruit species. Fruit genotype, main explant source, culture initiation explant type, culture period, determination of appropriate nutrient medium composition, selection of hormones and appropriate doses, culture conditions (dark, light etc.) have an important role on success of culture. Since root and shoot development are occurred at the same time simultaneous in somatic embryos, it allows production of directly rooted plants via somatic embryos. Somatic embryos can be used in the production of pharmaceutical raw materials (such as phenolic substances). Soma clonal variation and protoplast fusion facilitate plant acquisition in genetic regeneration studies in fruit trees. In many early maturing cultivars, the zygotic embryo cannot complete its development due to embryo abortion. A similar situation is observed in incompatible hybrid combinations. In these species, somatic embryos formed from zygotic embryos rescued via in vitro cultured at an early developmental stage are used to obtain plants. This technique has high benefits in production of plants and breeding programs as they can be used as synthetic seeds. In this study presented here, somatic embryogenesis application carried out in fruit species discussed, the results were investigated and uses in fruit production area and importance for breeding of new fruit species was evaluated.
Keywords: Somatic embryogenesis, fruit species, fruit growing, breeding