Soil Geochemical Investigation of Cu-Pb-Zn Anomalies in the Örencik Prospect (Geyve, Sakarya, Türkiye)
MINERALS, cilt.16, sa.9, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 16 Sayı: 9
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.3390/min16090915
- Dergi Adı: MINERALS
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, ABI/INFORM, Geobase, INSPEC, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Natural Science Collection (ProQuest), Earth, Atmospheric, & Aquatic Science Collection (ProQuest), Materials Science & Engineering Collection (ProQuest), Technology Collection (ProQuest)
- Kocaeli Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
This study evaluates Cu-Pb-Zn soil-geochemical anomalies in the & Ouml;rencik prospect, NW T & uuml;rkiye, using robust thresholding, multivariate statistics and indicator-kriging probability mapping. The dataset comprises 1100 primary B-horizon soil samples collected on a nested grid locally densified from 50 & times; 100 m to 50 & times; 50 m and 25 & times; 25 m. Background-anomaly boundaries for Cu, Pb, Zn and As were defined using the median and normalised median absolute deviation (nMAD) of log10-transformed concentrations. The element-specific M + nMAD thresholds were 54.68 ppm Cu, 19.18 ppm Pb, 81.23 ppm Zn and 13.68 ppm As. At or above these thresholds, 15.64% of Cu, 16.64% of Pb and 12.18% of Zn observations were classified as anomalous; notably, 133 of the 134 anomalous Zn samples remained within the weak anomaly class. Correlation analysis and PCA distinguish a Cu-As association from a Zn-Co-Ni-V association; PC1 and PC2 explain 69.51% of the total variance, while a Pb-dominated PC3 is treated only as an exploratory secondary component. Indicator kriging delineates compact and discontinuous Cu probability zones, a more continuous Pb belt and a broad Zn pattern. Integration of the robust thresholds, multivariate relationships and spatial probability patterns indicates that Zn variability has a stronger lithological contribution, whereas spatially coherent Cu and Pb zones provide the principal exploration targets. These targets require geological verification and are not interpreted as confirmed economic mineralisation.