Tribological Performance of Glass/Kevlar Hybrid Epoxy Composites: Effects of Pressurized Water-Immersion Aging Under Reciprocating Sliding Wear

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Özsoy M. İ., Bora M. Ö., Ürgün S., Fidan S., Güleç E.

Polymers, cilt.17, sa.21, ss.1-32, 2025 (Scopus)

Özet

This study quantifies how pressurized water immersion alters the reciprocating sliding behavior of glass and Kevlar woven fabric-reinforced polymer hybrid composite laminates. Specimens were immersed in deionized water at 10 bar and 25 °C for 0, 7, 14, and 21 days, then tested against a 6 mm 100Cr6 steel ball at 20 N under four regimes that combine 1 or 2 Hz with 10 m or 20 m total sliding. Water uptake rose from 0 to 8.54% by day 21 and followed a short-time Fickian square root of time trend, indicating diffusion-controlled sorption. The coefficient of friction exhibited a robust nonmonotonic response with a pronounced minimum at 14 days that was typically 20 to 40% lower than the unaged reference across frequencies and distances, while 7 days produced a partial decrease and 21 days trended upward. Three-dimensional profilometry showed progressive widening and deepening of wear tracks with immersion, for example, at 1 Hz and 10 m width increased from about 1596 to about 2050 to 2101 μm and depth from about 128 to about 184 to 185 μm, with a transient narrowing at 2 Hz after 7 days. Scanning electron microscopy corroborated a transition from mild plowing to matrix plasticization with fiber–matrix debonding and debris compaction. Beyond geometric wear metrics, this study re-processed the existing profilometry and COF records to derive a moisture-dependent mechanistic approach. Moisture uptake up to 8.54% reorganizes the third body at the interface so that friction drops markedly at 14 days (typically 20–40% below the unaged state), while concurrent matrix plasticization and interface weakening enlarge the wear cross-section extracted from the same 3D maps, decoupling friction from damage width/depth under wet conditioning. Factorial analysis ranked immersion time as the dominant driver of damage for width and depth with frequency as a secondary factor and sliding distance as a minor factor, highlighting immersion-controlled tribological design windows for marine and humid service.